1. High CO₂ (Respiratory Acidosis)

CAUSES:

• Hypoventilation

• COPD

• Sedation overdose

• Neuromuscular weakness

TREATMENT:

• ↑ minute ventilation

• Reduce sedation

• Bronchodilators for COPD

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2. Low CO₂ (Respiratory Alkalosis)

CAUSES:

• Pain, anxiety

• Sepsis

• Hypoxia

• Early asthma

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3. Metabolic Acidosis

Check anion gap = Na – (Cl + HCO₃)

High gap (MUDPILES):

• Lactic acidosis

• Ketoacidosis

• Renal failure

• Toxins (methanol, ethylene glycol, ASA)

Normal gap:

• Diarrhea

• RTA

• Large fluid replacement with saline

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4. Metabolic Alkalosis

CAUSES:

• Vomiting

• Diuretics

• Volume depletion

• Hypokalemia

TREATMENT:

• Volume repletion

• Hold diuretics

• Give K and Cl