Raynaud's phenomenon is relatively common, with a prevalence of approximately 3–5% in the general population. It is more frequent in women than men and typically manifests between the ages of 15 and 30 Risk factors include female sex, family history, smoking, and occupational exposure to vibrating tools or cold environments, Stress

Diagnosis of Raynaud's disease is primarily clinical, based on patient history and characteristic color changes. To differentiate primary from secondary Raynaud's, the following investigations are recommended:

• Nailfold capillaroscopy: Abnormal capillary patterns (dilated, tortuous, or avascular areas) suggest secondary Raynaud's, particularly in systemic sclerosis 
• Autoantibody testing: Antinuclear antibody (ANA) and specific autoantibodies (e.g. anti-centromere, anti-Scl-70) help identify underlying connective tissue diseases 
• Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) may be performed to assess for inflammatory or autoimmune conditions 

Management of Raynaud's disease involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and patient education:

Lifestyle modifications

• Avoidance of cold exposure: Patients are advised to dress warmly, use gloves, and avoid sudden temperature changes 
• Smoking cessation: Smoking exacerbates vasoconstriction and should be strongly discouraged 
• Stress management: Stress reduction techniques may help decrease the frequency of attacks .

Pharmacological therapy

• Calcium channel blockers: First-line therapy, particularly dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, reduce the frequency and severity of attacks 
• Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors:Silenadil and tadalafil are second-line options, particularly in secondary Raynaud's with digital ulcers 
• Endothelin receptor antagonists: Bosentan is recommended for patients with systemic sclerosis-associated digital ulcers 
• Prostacyclin analogs: Intravenous iloprost  is reserved for severe cases with critical ischemia